Which of the following can typically lead to penalties in the California marketplace?

Late enrollment can lead to penalties in the California marketplace primarily because of the rules associated with open enrollment periods. In health insurance, particularly through the Covered California marketplace, there are specific times during the year when individuals can enroll in a health insurance plan without facing penalties. If someone misses these open enrollment periods and attempts to enroll outside of the designated times, they may incur a penalty or be unable to obtain coverage until the next open enrollment period, except in cases of qualifying life events.

This structure is designed to encourage all eligible individuals to participate in the insurance pool during the enrollment windows, thereby helping to maintain a balanced system where both healthy individuals and those needing medical care are covered. In contrast, options like early enrollment, maintaining continuous coverage, and participating in wellness programs generally do not lead to penalties and may even offer benefits in terms of coverage or incentives.